在這本手冊中，我們將從法令層面，社會層面與技術層面上來說明什麼是 Open Data 與 Open Data 的重要性 。任何人只要對 Open Data 有興趣都可閱讀這本手冊，但是在編寫時，我們將這本手冊的讀者預設為想要學習如何將資料「開放出來」的人。我們將會討論到開放資料的 為何要 (why) ， 什麼是 (what) 和 如何做 (how) – 為何要開放資料，開放的定義是，和如何「開放」 (‘open’) 資料。
在開始我們的「開放資料」之旅前，或許您該先看一下「前言」 (Introduction) 的說明。您可以使用使用本文下方 (或是在邊欄) 的目錄 (Table of Contents) 來選擇您要閱讀的章節。
避難三原則 津波避難3原則 釜石奇跡 防災教育
The Kamaishi Miracles
The Miracles of Kamaishi
The Kamaishi Miracles : The Three Principles of Evacuation
Disaster Management Education in Kamaishi
釜石奇跡 避難の三原則
The Miracles of Kamaishi : the three principles of evacuation
釜石の“奇跡”～いのちを守る特別授業
NHK World English
http://www.nhk.or.jp/special/detail/2012/0901/
http://www.nhk.or.jp/special/detail/2012/0901/
The Kamaishi Miracles : The 3 Principles of Evacuation The Miracles of Kamaishi : The Three Principles of Evacuation
Disaster Management Education in Kamaishi The people evacuating from tsunami on 11th March, 2011
Evacuation training by students as a part of disaster management education
In Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture, where more than 1,000 people died or were left missing
due to the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2,911 elementary and
junior high school students escaped the tsunami.
The tidal waves claimed the lives of five children out of those who were absent from school
on that day or who had already gone home, but nearly all of the schoolchildren in the city
escaped the disaster by evacuating from their schools.
Since 2004, the Board of Education of Kamaishi City has tried to instill disaster awareness
among teachers and schoolchildren under the advice of Professor Toshitaka Katada of Gunma University.
However, as the evacuation rate of schoolchildren was less than 10% at the time of the 2006 earthquake
off the Kuril Islands, each elementary and junior high school reviewed its plan to evacuate children
while they are on their way to or from school, and decided to allocate about 10 hours a year
for disaster management education, including lessons to learn of the danger of tsunami.
In March 2010, a manual for tsunami disaster prevention, written by teachers, was completed and
incorporated into disaster management education at all 14 of the city’s elementary and junior high schools.
In disaster management education, Professor Katada strongly emphasized three principles of
tsunami evacuation:
“Don’t believe in preconceived ideas.”,
“Do everything you can.” (Take All Availability - Advantages and Opportunities.), and“Take the leadership in evacuation.” (Be the First to Run. Save Yourself First. Forget Others.)
These lessons bore fruit. After the earthquake, the students of Kamaishi Higashi Junior High School
ran to an evacuation site, shouting “a tsunami is coming!” At the neighboring Unosumai Elementary School,
pupils gathered on the third floor as the school building itself was unharmed and the area was outside
a presumed flooding zone. However, after seeing junior high school students fleeing, teachers decided to
evacuate the children from the school. In all, approximately 600 students fled to a group home
for the elderly which was about 700 meters away, and had been designated as an evacuation center.
After receiving advice from a local resident who saw the cliff behind the group home collapsing,
the students, sensing the danger, ran up to a nursing care facility on higher ground about 500 meters
from the group home while junior high school students held hands with elementary school students.
Seeing the force of the tsunami, the children fled further uphill. The junior high school students also
helped kindergarten children and elderly people at the nursing care facility to escape.
The tsunami reached the ground right in front of the facility.
All children were safe at Kamaishi Elementary School, situated in the city, where more than 90% of
the pupils had gone home. A child who was at home with his grandmother helped her escape, while children
who were in the park designated as an evacuation destination fled to higher ground after seeing
the force of tsunami.
Thus, Professor Katada’s three principles were practiced by the children.
Kamaishi City has been receiving inquiries from many municipalities across Japan, which hope to
take advantage of the city’s experience in their disaster management education.
